Snapshots and clones  of volumes in a storage system

ABSTRACT

In one embodiment, snapshots and/or clones of storage objects are created and managed by a volume layer of a storage input/output (I/O) stack executing on one or more nodes of a cluster. Illustratively, the snapshots and clones may be represented as independent volumes, and embodied as respective read-only copies (snapshots) and read-write copies (clones) of a parent volume. Volume metadata is illustratively organized as one or more multi-level dense tree metadata structures, wherein each level of the dense tree metadata structure (dense tree) includes volume metadata entries for storing the metadata. Each snapshot/clone may be derived from a dense tree of the parent volume (parent dense tree). Portions of the parent dense tree may be shared with the snapshot/clone.

RELATED APPLICATION

The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 14/078,146, entitled “Snapshots and Clones of Volumes in aStorage System”, filed on Nov. 12, 2013 by Ling Zheng, et al., thecontents of which are incorporated by reference herein in theirentirety.

BACKGROUND

1. Technical Field

The present disclosure relates to storage systems and, morespecifically, to snapshots and/or clones of volumes in a storage system.

2. Background Information

A storage system typically includes one or more storage devices, such assolid state drives (SSDs), into which information may be entered, andfrom which information may be obtained, as desired. The storage systemmay logically organize the information stored on the devices as storagecontainers, such as volumes or logical units (LUNs). Each storagecontainer may be implemented as a set of data structures, such as datablocks that store data for the storage containers and metadata blocksthat describe the data of the storage containers. For example, themetadata may describe, e.g., identify, storage locations on the devicesfor the data.

Management of the storage containers may include creation of snapshots(read-only) and/or clones (read-write) of the storage containers takenat points in time and accessed by one or more clients or hosts of thestorage system. As the snapshots/clones diverge from the storagecontainers, the storage locations of the data on the devices, as well asany sharing of the data, may change. As a result, the metadatadescribing the data of the storage containers (including thesnapshots/clones) may require frequent changes or even a cascade (e.g.,a ripple) of numerous changes for a small change to the data describedby that metadata. Accordingly, it may be generally cumbersome to updatemetadata for every change to data (or change to its location),especially as storage containers and their snapshots/clones diverge.Therefore, it is desirable to reduce the write amplification, i.e.,increase efficiency, of metadata updates (and hence storage operations)resulting from changes to data and divergence between storage containersand snapshots/clones of those containers. In addition, it is desirableto update metadata in a fashion that is “friendly” to, i.e., exploitsthe performance of, storage devices configured to store the metadata.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and further advantages of the embodiments herein may be betterunderstood by referring to the following description in conjunction withthe accompanying drawings in which like reference numerals indicateidentically or functionally similar elements, of which:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a plurality of nodes interconnected as acluster;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a node;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a storage input/output (I/O) stack of thenode;

FIG. 4 illustrates a write path of the storage I/O stack;

FIG. 5 illustrates a read path of the storage I/O stack;

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a volume metadata entry;

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a dense tree metadata structure;

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a top level of the dense tree metadatastructure;

FIG. 9 illustrates mapping between levels of the dense tree metadatastructure;

FIG. 10 illustrates a workflow for inserting a volume metadata entryinto the dense tree metadata structure in accordance with a writerequest;

FIG. 11 illustrates merging between levels of the dense tree metadatastructure;

FIG. 12 is a block diagram of a dense tree metadata structure sharedbetween a parent volume and snapshot/clone;

FIG. 13 illustrates diverging of the snapshot/clone from the parentvolume; and

FIG. 14 illustrates a procedure for creating the snapshot/clone.

DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

The embodiments herein are directed to efficiently creating and managingsnapshots and/or clones of storage containers by a volume layer of astorage input/output (I/O) stack executing on one or more nodes of acluster. Illustratively, the snapshots and clones may be represented asindependent volumes, and embodied as respective read-only copies(snapshots) and read-write copies (clones) of a parent volume. Volumemetadata managed by the volume layer, i.e., parent volume metadata andsnapshot/clone metadata, is illustratively organized as one or moremulti-level dense tree metadata structures, wherein each level of thedense tree metadata structure (dense tree) includes volume metadataentries for storing the metadata. Each snapshot/clone may be derivedfrom a dense tree of the parent volume (parent dense tree) to therebyenable fast and efficient snapshot/clone creation in terms of time andconsumption of metadata storage space. To that end, portions (e.g.,level or volume metadata entries) of the parent dense tree may be sharedwith the snapshot/clone to support time and space efficiency of thesnapshot/clone.

In an embodiment, creation of a snapshot/clone may include copying anin-core portion of the parent dense tree to a dense tree of thesnapshot/clone (snapshot/clone dense tree). Lower levels of the parentdense tree residing on solid-state drives (SSD) may be initially sharedbetween the parent volume and snapshot/clone. As the parent volume andsnapshot/clone diverge, the levels may split to accommodate new data.That is, as new volume metadata entries are written to a level of theparent dense tree, that level is copied (i.e., split) to thesnapshot/clone dense tree so that the parent dense tree may diverge fromits old (now copied to the snapshot/clone) dense tree structure. Areference counter may be maintained for each level of the dense tree,illustratively within a respective level header, to track sharing oflevels between the volumes (i.e., between the parent volume andsnapshot/clone). Illustratively, the reference counter may incrementwhen levels are shared and decremented when levels are split (e.g.,copied). Illustratively, a reference count value of 1 may indicate anunshared level (i.e., portion) between the volumes (i.e., has only onereference).

Description

Storage Cluster

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a plurality of nodes 200 interconnected asa cluster 100 and configured to provide storage service relating to theorganization of information on storage devices. The nodes 200 may beinterconnected by a cluster interconnect fabric 110 and includefunctional components that cooperate to provide a distributed storagearchitecture of the cluster 100, which may be deployed in a storage areanetwork (SAN). As described herein, the components of each node 200include hardware and software functionality that enable the node toconnect to one or more hosts 120 over a computer network 130, as well asto one or more storage arrays 150 of storage devices over a storageinterconnect 140, to thereby render the storage service in accordancewith the distributed storage architecture.

Each host 120 may be embodied as a general-purpose computer configuredto interact with any node 200 in accordance with a client/server modelof information delivery. That is, the client (host) may request theservices of the node, and the node may return the results of theservices requested by the host, by exchanging packets over the network130. The host may issue packets including file-based access protocols,such as the Network File System (NFS) protocol over the TransmissionControl Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), when accessing informationon the node in the form of storage containers such as files anddirectories. However, in an embodiment, the host 120 illustrativelyissues packets including block-based access protocols, such as the SmallComputer Systems Interface (SCSI) protocol encapsulated over TCP (iSCSI)and SCSI encapsulated over FC (FCP), when accessing information in theform of storage containers such as logical units (LUNs). Notably, any ofthe nodes 200 may service a request directed to a storage containerstored on the cluster 100.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a node 200 that is illustratively embodiedas a storage system having one or more central processing units (CPUs)210 coupled to a memory 220 via a memory bus 215. The CPU 210 is alsocoupled to a network adapter 230, storage controllers 240, a clusterinterconnect interface 250 and a non-volatile random access memory(NVRAM 280) via a system interconnect 270. The network adapter 230 mayinclude one or more ports adapted to couple the node 200 to the host(s)120 over computer network 130, which may include point-to-point links,wide area networks, virtual private networks implemented over a publicnetwork (Internet) or a local area network. The network adapter 230 thusincludes the mechanical, electrical and signaling circuitry needed toconnect the node to the network 130, which illustratively embodies anEthernet or Fibre Channel (FC) network.

The memory 220 may include memory locations that are addressable by theCPU 210 for storing software programs and data structures associatedwith the embodiments described herein. The CPU 210 may, in turn, includeprocessing elements and/or logic circuitry configured to execute thesoftware programs, such as a storage input/output (I/O) stack 300, andmanipulate the data structures. Illustratively, the storage I/O stack300 may be implemented as a set of user mode processes that may bedecomposed into a plurality of threads. An operating system kernel 224,portions of which are typically resident in memory 220 (in-core) andexecuted by the processing elements (i.e., CPU 210), functionallyorganizes the node by, inter alia, invoking operations in support of thestorage service implemented by the node and, in particular, the storageI/O stack 300. A suitable operating system kernel 224 may include ageneral-purpose operating system, such as the UNIX® series or MicrosoftWindows® series of operating systems, or an operating system withconfigurable functionality such as microkernels and embedded kernels.However, in an embodiment described herein, the operating system kernelis illustratively the Linux® operating system. It will be apparent tothose skilled in the art that other processing and memory means,including various computer readable media, may be used to store andexecute program instructions pertaining to the embodiments herein.

Each storage controller 240 cooperates with the storage I/O stack 300executing on the node 200 to access information requested by the host120. The information is preferably stored on storage devices such assolid state drives (SSDs) 260, illustratively embodied as flash storagedevices, of storage array 150. In an embodiment, the flash storagedevices may be based on NAND flash components, e.g., single-layer-cell(SLC) flash, multi-layer-cell (MLC) flash or triple-layer-cell (TLC)flash, although it will be understood to those skilled in the art thatother non-volatile, solid-state electronic devices (e.g., drives basedon storage class memory components) may be advantageously used with theembodiments described herein. Accordingly, the storage devices may ormay not be block-oriented (i.e., accessed as blocks). The storagecontroller 240 includes one or more ports having I/O interface circuitrythat couples to the SSDs 260 over the storage interconnect 140,illustratively embodied as a serial attached SCSI (SAS) topology.Alternatively, other point-to-point I/O interconnect arrangements, suchas a conventional serial ATA (SATA) topology or a PCI topology, may beused. The system interconnect 270 may also couple the node 200 to alocal service storage device 248, such as an SSD, configured to locallystore cluster-related configuration information, e.g., as clusterdatabase (DB) 244, which may be replicated to the other nodes 200 in thecluster 100.

The cluster interconnect interface 250 may include one or more portsadapted to couple the node 200 to the other node(s) of the cluster 100.In an embodiment, Infiniband may be used as the clustering protocol andinterconnect fabric media, although it will be apparent to those skilledin the art that other types of protocols and interconnects may beutilized within the embodiments described herein. The NVRAM 280 mayinclude a back-up battery or other built-in last-state retentioncapability (e.g., non-volatile semiconductor memory such as storageclass memory) that is capable of maintaining data in light of a failureto the node and cluster environment. Illustratively, a portion of theNVRAM 280 may be configured as one or more non-volatile logs (NVLogs285) configured to temporarily record (“log”) I/O requests, such aswrite requests, received from the host 120.

Storage I/O Stack

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the storage I/O stack 300 that may beadvantageously used with one or more embodiments described herein. Thestorage I/O stack 300 includes a plurality of software modules or layersthat cooperate with other functional components of the nodes 200 toprovide the distributed storage architecture of the cluster 100. In anembodiment, the distributed storage architecture presents an abstractionof a single storage container, i.e., all of the storage arrays 150 ofthe nodes 200 for the entire cluster 100 organized as one large pool ofstorage. In other words, the architecture consolidates storage, i.e.,the SSDs 260 of the arrays 150, throughout the cluster (retrievable viacluster-wide keys) to enable storage of the LUNs. Both storage capacityand performance may then be subsequently scaled by adding nodes 200 tothe cluster 100.

Illustratively, the storage I/O stack 300 includes an administrationlayer 310, a protocol layer 320, a persistence layer 330, a volume layer340, an extent store layer 350, is a Redundant Array of IndependentDisks (RAID) layer 360, a storage layer 365 and a NVRAM (storing NVLogs)“layer” interconnected with a messaging kernel 370. The messaging kernel370 may provide a message-based (or event-based) scheduling model (e.g.,asynchronous scheduling) that employs messages as fundamental units ofwork exchanged (i.e., passed) among the layers. Suitable message-passingmechanisms provided by the messaging kernel to transfer informationbetween the layers of the storage I/O stack 300 may include, e.g., forintra-node communication: i) messages that execute on a pool of threads,ii) messages that execute on a single thread progressing as an operationthrough the storage I/O stack, iii) messages using an Inter ProcessCommunication (IPC) mechanism and, e.g., for inter-node communication:messages using a Remote Procedure Call (RPC) mechanism in accordancewith a function shipping implementation. Alternatively, the I/O stackmay be implemented using a thread-based or stack-based execution model.In one or more embodiments, the messaging kernel 370 allocatesprocessing resources from the operating system kernel 224 to execute themessages. Each storage I/O stack layer may be implemented as one or moreinstances (i.e., processes) executing one or more threads (e.g., inkernel or user space) that process the messages passed between thelayers such that the messages provide synchronization for blocking andnon-blocking operation of the layers.

In an embodiment, the protocol layer 320 may communicate with the host120 over the network 130 by exchanging discrete frames or packetsconfigured as I/O requests according to pre-defined protocols, such asiSCSI and FCP. An I/O request, e.g., a read or write request, may bedirected to a LUN and may include I/O parameters such as, inter alia, aLUN identifier (ID), a logical block address (LBA) of the LUN, a length(i.e., amount of data) and, in the case of a write request, write data.The protocol layer 320 receives the I/O request and forwards it to thepersistence layer 330, which records the request into a persistentwrite-back cache 380, illustratively embodied as a log whose contentscan be replaced randomly, e.g., under some random access replacementpolicy rather than only in log fashion, and returns an acknowledgementto the host 120 via the protocol layer 320. In an embodiment only I/Orequests that modify the LUN, e.g., write requests, are logged. Notably,the I/O request may be logged at the node receiving the I/O request, orin an alternative embodiment in accordance with the function shippingimplementation, the I/O request may be logged at another node.

Illustratively, dedicated logs may be maintained by the various layersof the storage I/O stack 300. For example, a dedicated log 335 may bemaintained by the persistence layer 330 to record the I/O parameters ofan I/O request as equivalent internal, i.e., storage I/O stack,parameters, e.g., volume ID, offset, and length. In the case of a writerequest, the persistence layer 330 may also cooperate with the NVRAM 280to implement the write-back cache 380 configured to store the write dataassociated with the write request. Notably, the write data for the writerequest may be physically stored in the log 355 such that the cache 380contains the reference to the associated write data. That is, thewrite-back cache may be structured as a log. In an embodiment, a copy ofthe write-back cache may be also maintained in the memory 220 tofacilitate direct memory access to the storage controllers. In otherembodiments, caching may be performed at the host 120 or at a receivingnode in accordance with a protocol that maintains coherency between thewrite data stored at the cache and the cluster.

In an embodiment, the administration layer 310 may apportion the LUNinto multiple volumes, each of which may be partitioned into multipleregions (e.g., allotted as disjoint block address ranges), with eachregion having one or more segments stored as multiple stripes on thearray 150. A plurality of volumes distributed among the nodes 200 maythus service a single LUN, i.e., each volume within the LUN services adifferent LBA range (i.e., offset and length, hereinafter offset andrange) or set of ranges within the LUN. Accordingly, the protocol layer320 may implement a volume mapping technique to identify a volume towhich the I/O request is directed (i.e., the volume servicing the offsetrange indicated by the parameters of the I/O request). Illustratively,the cluster database 244 may be configured to maintain one or moreassociations (e.g., key-value pairs) for each of the multiple volumes,e.g., an association between the LUN ID and a volume, as well as anassociation between the volume and a node ID for a node managing thevolume. The administration layer 310 may also cooperate with thedatabase 244 to create (or delete) one or more volumes associated withthe LUN (e.g., creating a volume ID/LUN key-value pair in the database244). Using the LUN ID and LBA (or LBA range), the volume mappingtechnique may provide a volume ID (e.g., using appropriate associationsin the cluster database 244) that identifies the volume and nodeservicing the volume destined for the request, as well as translate theLBA (or LBA range) into an offset and length within the volume.Specifically, the volume ID is used to determine a volume layer instancethat manages volume metadata associated with the LBA or LBA range. Asnoted, the protocol layer may pass the I/O request (i.e., volume ID,offset and length) to the persistence layer 330, which may use thefunction shipping (e.g., inter-node) implementation to forward the I/Orequest to the appropriate volume layer instance executing on a node inthe cluster based on the volume ID.

In an embodiment, the volume layer 340 may manage the volume metadataby, e.g., maintaining states of host-visible containers, such as rangesof LUNs, and performing data management functions, such as creation ofsnapshots and clones, for the LUNs in cooperation with theadministration layer 310. The volume metadata is illustratively embodiedas in-core mappings from LUN addresses (i.e., LBAs) to durable extentkeys, which are unique cluster-wide IDs associated with SSD storagelocations for extents within an extent key space of the cluster-widestorage container. That is, an extent key may be used to retrieve thedata of the extent at an SSD storage location associated with the extentkey. Alternatively, there may be multiple storage containers in thecluster wherein each container has its own extent key space, e.g., wherethe host provides distribution of extents among the storage containersand cluster-wide (across containers) de-duplication is infrequent. Anextent is a variable length block of data that provides a unit ofstorage on the SSDs and that need not be aligned on any specificboundary, i.e., it may be byte aligned. Accordingly, an extent may be anaggregation of write data from a plurality of write requests to maintainsuch alignment. Illustratively, the volume layer 340 may record theforwarded request (e.g., information or parameters characterizing therequest), as well as changes to the volume metadata, in dedicated log345 maintained by the volume layer 340. Subsequently, the contents ofthe volume layer log 345 may be written to the storage array 150 inaccordance with retirement of log entries, while a checkpoint (e.g.,synchronization) operation stores in-core metadata on the array 150.That is, the checkpoint operation (checkpoint) ensures that a consistentstate of metadata, as processed in-core, is committed to (stored on) thestorage array 150; whereas the retirement of log entries ensures thatthe entries accumulated in the volume layer log 345 synchronize with themetadata checkpoints committed to the storage array 150 by, e.g.,retiring those accumulated log entries prior to the checkpoint. In oneor more embodiments, the checkpoint and retirement of log entries may bedata driven, periodic or both.

In an embodiment, the extent store layer 350 is responsible for storingextents on the SSDs 260 (i.e., on the storage array 150) and forproviding the extent keys to the volume layer 340 (e.g., in response toa forwarded write request). The extent store layer 350 is alsoresponsible for retrieving data (e.g., an existing extent) using anextent key (e.g., in response to a forwarded read request). In analternative embodiment, the extent store layer 350 is responsible forperforming de-duplication and compression on the extents prior tostorage. The extent store layer 350 may maintain in-core mappings (e.g.,embodied as hash tables) of extent keys to SSD storage locations (e.g.,offset on an SSD 260 of array 150). The extent store layer 350 may alsomaintain a dedicated log 355 of entries that accumulate requested “put”and “delete” operations (i.e., write requests and delete requests forextents issued from other layers to the extent store layer 350), wherethese operations change the in-core mappings (i.e., hash table entries).Subsequently, the in-core mappings and contents of the extent storelayer log 355 may be written to the storage array 150 in accordance witha “fuzzy” checkpoint 390 (i.e., checkpoint with incremental changes thatspan multiple log files) in which selected in-core mappings, less thanthe total, are committed to the array 150 at various intervals (e.g.,driven by an amount of change to the in-core mappings, size thresholdsof log 355, or periodically). Notably, the accumulated entries in log355 may be retired once all in-core mappings have been committed andthen, illustratively, for those entries prior to the first interval.

In an embodiment, the RAID layer 360 may organize the SSDs 260 withinthe storage array 150 as one or more RAID groups (e.g., sets of SSDs)that enhance the reliability and integrity of extent storage on thearray by writing data “stripes” having redundant information, i.e.,appropriate parity information with respect to the striped data, acrossa given number of SSDs 260 of each RAID group. The RAID layer 360 mayalso store a number of stripes (e.g., stripes of sufficient depth),e.g., in accordance with a plurality of contiguous range writeoperations, so as to reduce data relocation (i.e., internal flash blockmanagement) that may occur within the SSDs as a result of theoperations. In an embodiment, the storage layer 365 implements storageI/O drivers that may communicate directly with hardware (e.g., thestorage controllers and cluster interface) cooperating with theoperating system kernel 224, such as a Linux virtual function I/O (VFIO)driver.

Write Path

FIG. 4 illustrates an I/O (e.g., write) path 400 of the storage I/Ostack 300 for processing an I/O request, e.g., a SCSI write request 410.The write request 410 may be issued by host 120 and directed to a LUNstored on the storage arrays 150 of the cluster 100. Illustratively, theprotocol layer 320 receives and processes the write request by decoding420 (e.g., parsing and extracting) fields of the request, e.g., LUN ID,LBA and length (shown at 413), as well as write data 414. The protocollayer 320 may use the results 422 from decoding 420 for a volume mappingtechnique 430 (described above) that translates the LUN ID and LBA range(i.e., equivalent offset and length) of the write request to anappropriate volume layer instance, i.e., volume ID (volume 445), in thecluster 100 that is responsible for managing volume metadata for the LBArange. In an alternative embodiment, the persistence layer 330 mayimplement the above described volume mapping technique 430. The protocollayer then passes the results 432, e.g., volume ID, offset, length (aswell as write data), to the persistence layer 330, which records therequest in the persistence layer log 335 and returns an acknowledgementto the host 120 via the protocol layer 320. As described herein, thepersistence layer 330 may aggregate and organize write data 414 from oneor more write requests into a new extent 470 and perform a hashcomputation, i.e., a hash function, on the new extent to generate a hashvalue 472 in accordance with an extent hashing technique 474.

The persistence layer 330 may then pass the write request withaggregated write data including, e.g., the volume ID, offset and length,as parameters 434 to the appropriate volume layer instance. In anembodiment, message passing of the parameters 434 (received by thepersistence layer) may be redirected to another node via the functionshipping mechanism, e.g., RPC, for inter-node communication.Alternatively, message passing of the parameters 434 may be via the IPCmechanism, e.g., message threads, for intra-node communication.

In one or more embodiments, a bucket mapping technique 476 is providedthat translates the hash value 472 to an instance of an appropriateextent store layer (e.g., extent store instance 478) that is responsiblefor storing the new extent 470. Note that the bucket mapping techniquemay be implemented in any layer of the storage I/O stack above theextent store layer. In an embodiment, for example, the bucket mappingtechnique may be implemented in the persistence layer 330, the volumelayer 340, or a layer that manages cluster-wide information, such as acluster layer (not shown). Accordingly, the persistence layer 330, thevolume layer 340, or the cluster layer may contain computer executableinstructions executed by the CPU 210 to perform operations thatimplement the bucket mapping technique 476 described herein. Thepersistence layer 330 may then pass the hash value 472 and the newextent 470 to the appropriate volume layer instance and onto theappropriate extent store instance via an extent store put operation. Theextent hashing technique 474 may embody an approximately uniform hashfunction to ensure that any random extent to be written may have anapproximately equal chance of falling into any extent store instance478, i.e., hash buckets are evenly distributed across extent storeinstances of the cluster 100 based on available resources. As a result,the bucket mapping technique 476 provides load-balancing of writeoperations (and, by symmetry, read operations) across nodes 200 of thecluster, while also leveling flash wear in the SSDs 260 of the cluster.

In response to the put operation, the extent store instance may processthe hash value 472 to perform an extent metadata selection technique 480that (i) selects an appropriate hash table 482 (e.g., hash table 482 a)from a set of hash tables (illustratively in-core) within the extentstore instance 478, and (ii) extracts a hash table index 484 from thehash value 472 to index into the selected hash table and lookup a tableentry having an extent key 618 identifying a storage location 490 on SSD260 for the extent. Accordingly, the persistence layer 330, the volumelayer 340, or the cluster layer may contain computer executableinstructions executed by the CPU 210 to perform operations thatimplement the extent metadata selection technique 480 described herein.If a table entry with a matching extent key is found, then the SSDlocation 490 mapped from the extent key 618 is used to retrieve anexisting extent (not shown) from SSD. The existing extent is thencompared with the new extent 470 to determine whether their data isidentical. If the data is identical, the new extent 470 is alreadystored on SSD 260 and a de-duplication opportunity (denotedde-duplication 452) exists such that there is no need to write anothercopy of the data. Accordingly, a reference count (not shown) in thetable entry for the existing extent is incremented and the extent key618 of the existing extent is passed to the appropriate volume layerinstance for storage within an entry (denoted as volume metadata entry600) of a dense tree metadata structure (e.g., dense tree 700 a), suchthat the extent key 618 is associated an offset range 440 (e.g., offsetrange 440 a) of the volume 445.

However, if the data of the existing extent is not identical to the dataof the new extent 470, a collision occurs and a deterministic algorithmis invoked to sequentially generate as many new candidate extent keys(not shown) mapping to the same bucket as needed to either providede-duplication 452 or produce an extent key that is not already storedwithin the extent store instance. Notably, another hash table (e.g. hashtable 482 n) may be selected by a new candidate extent key in accordancewith the extent metadata selection technique 480. In the event that node-duplication opportunity exists (i.e., the extent is not alreadystored) the new extent 470 is compressed in accordance with compressiontechnique 454 and passed to the RAID layer 360, which processes the newextent 470 for storage on SSD 260 within one or more stripes 464 of RAIDgroup 466. The extent store instance may cooperate with the RAID layer360 to identify a storage segment 460 (i.e., a portion of the storagearray 150) and a location on SSD 260 within the segment 460 in which tostore the new extent 470. Illustratively, the identified storage segmentis a segment with a large contiguous free space having, e.g., location490 on SSD 260 b for storing the extent 470.

In an embodiment, the RAID layer 360 then writes the stripes 464 acrossthe RAID group 466, illustratively as one or more full write stripe 462.The RAID layer 360 may write a series of stripes 464 of sufficient depthto reduce data relocation that may occur within the flash-based SSDs 260(i.e., flash block management). The extent store instance then (i) loadsthe SSD location 490 of the new extent 470 into the selected hash table482 n (i.e., as selected by the new candidate extent key) and (ii)passes a new extent key (denoted as extent key 618) to the appropriatevolume layer instance for storage within an entry (also denoted asvolume metadata entry 600) of a dense tree 700 managed by that volumelayer instance, and (iii) records a change to extent metadata of theselected hash table in the extent store layer log 355. Illustratively,the volume layer instance selects dense tree 700 a spanning an offsetrange 440 a of the volume 445 that encompasses the offset range of thewrite request. As noted, the volume 445 (e.g., an offset space of thevolume) is partitioned into multiple regions (e.g., allotted as disjointoffset ranges); in an embodiment, each region is represented by a densetree 700. The volume layer instance then inserts the volume metadataentry 600 into the dense tree 700 a and records a change correspondingto the volume metadata entry in the volume layer log 345. Accordingly,the I/O (write) request is sufficiently stored on SSD 260 of thecluster.

Read Path

FIG. 5 illustrates an I/O (e.g., read) path 500 of the storage I/O stack300 for processing an I/O request, e.g., a SCSI read request 510. Theread request 510 may be issued by host 120 and received at the protocollayer 320 of a node 200 in the cluster 100. Illustratively, the protocollayer 320 processes the read request by decoding 420 (e.g., parsing andextracting) fields of the request, e.g., LUN ID, LBA, and length (shownat 513), and uses the results 522, e.g., LUN ID, offset, and length, forthe volume mapping technique 430. That is, the protocol layer 320 mayimplement the volume mapping technique 430 (described above) totranslate the LUN ID and LBA range (i.e., equivalent offset and length)of the read request to an appropriate volume layer instance, i.e.,volume ID (volume 445), in the cluster 100 that is responsible formanaging volume metadata for the LBA (i.e., offset) range. The protocollayer then passes the results 532 to the persistence layer 330, whichmay search the write cache 380 to determine whether some or all of theread request can be service from its cache data. If the entire requestcannot be serviced from the cached data, the persistence layer 330 maythen pass the remaining portion of the request including, e.g., thevolume ID, offset and length, as parameters 534 to the appropriatevolume layer instance in accordance with the function shipping mechanism(e.g., RPC, for inter-node communication) or the IPC mechanism (e.g.,message threads, for intra-node communication).

The volume layer instance may process the read request to access a densetree metadata structure (e.g., dense tree 700 a) associated with aregion (e.g., offset range 440 a) of a volume 445 that encompasses therequested offset range (specified by parameters 532). The volume layerinstance may further process the read request to search for (lookup) oneor more volume metadata entries 600 of the dense tree 700 a to obtainone or more extent keys 618 associated with one or more extents 470within the requested offset range. As described further herein, eachdense tree 700 may be embodied as multiple levels of a search structurewith possibly overlapping offset range entries at each level. Theentries, i.e., volume metadata entries 600, provide mappings fromhost-accessible LUN addresses, i.e., LBAs, to durable extent keys. Thevarious levels of the dense tree may have volume metadata entries 600for the same offset, in which case the higher level has the newer entryand is used to service the read request. A top level of the dense tree700 is illustratively resident in-core and a page cache 448 may be usedto access lower levels of the tree. If the requested range or portionthereof is not present in the top level, a metadata page associated withan index entry at the next lower tree level is accessed. The metadatapage (i.e., in the page cache 448) at the next level is then searched(e.g., a binary search) to find any overlapping entries. This process isthen iterated until one or more volume metadata entries 600 of a levelare found to ensure that the extent key(s) 618 for the entire requestedread range are found. If no metadata entries exist for the entire orportions of the requested read range, then the missing portion(s) arezero filled.

Once found, each extent key 618 is processed by the volume layer 340 to,e.g., implement the bucket mapping technique 476 that translates theextent key to an appropriate extent store instance 478 responsible forstoring the requested extent 470. Note that, in an embodiment, eachextent key 618 may be substantially identical to the hash value 472associated with the extent 470, i.e., the hash value as calculatedduring the write request for the extent, such that the bucket mapping476 and extent metadata selection 480 techniques may be used for bothwrite and read path operations. Note also that the extent key 618 may bederived from the hash value 472. The volume layer 340 may then pass theextent key 618 (i.e., the hash value from a previous write request forthe extent) to the appropriate extent store instance 478 (via an extentstore get operation), which performs an extent key-to-SSD mapping todetermine the location on SSD 260 for the extent.

In response to the get operation, the extent store instance may processthe extent key 618 (i.e., hash value 472) to perform the extent metadataselection technique 480 that (i) selects an appropriate hash table(e.g., hash table 482 a) from a set of hash tables within the extentstore instance 478, and (ii) extracts a hash table index 484 from theextent key 618 (i.e., hash value 472) to index into the selected hashtable and lookup a table entry having a matching extent key 618 thatidentifies a storage location 490 on SSD 260 for the extent 470. Thatis, the SSD location 490 mapped to the extent key 618 may be used toretrieve the existing extent (denoted as extent 470) from SSD 260 (e.g.,SSD 260 b). The extent store instance then cooperates with the RAIDlayer 360 to access the extent on SSD 260 b and retrieve the datacontents in accordance with the read request. Illustratively, the RAIDlayer 360 may read the extent in accordance with an extent readoperation 468 and pass the extent 470 to the extent store instance. Theextent store instance may then decompress the extent 470 in accordancewith a decompression technique 456, although it will be understood tothose skilled in the art that decompression can be performed at anylayer of the storage I/O stack 300. The extent 470 may be stored in abuffer (not shown) in memory 220 and a reference to that buffer may bepassed back through the layers of the storage I/O stack. The persistencelayer may then load the extent into a read cache 580 (or other stagingmechanism) and may extract appropriate read data 512 from the read cache580 for the LBA range of the read request 510. Thereafter, the protocollayer 320 may create a SCSI read response 514, including the read data512, and return the read response to the host 120.

Dense Tree Volume Metadata

As noted, a host-accessible LUN may be apportioned into multiplevolumes, each of which may be partitioned into one or more regions,wherein each region is associated with a disjoint offset range, i.e., aLBA range, owned by an instance of the volume layer 340 executing on anode 200. For example, assuming a maximum volume size of 64 terabytes(TB) and a region size of 16 gigabytes (GB), a volume may have up to4096 regions (i.e., 16 GB×4096=64 TB). In an embodiment, region 1 may beassociated with an offset range of, e.g., 0-16 GB, region 2 may beassociated with an offset range of 16 GB-32 GB, and so forth. Ownershipof a region denotes that the volume layer instance manages metadata,i.e., volume metadata, for the region, such that I/O requests destinedto a LBA range within the region are directed to the owning volume layerinstance. Thus, each volume layer instance manages volume metadata for,and handles I/O requests to, one or more regions. A basis for metadatascale-out in the distributed storage architecture of the cluster 100includes partitioning of a volume into regions and distributing ofregion ownership across volume layer instances of the cluster.

Volume metadata, as well as data storage, in the distributed storagearchitecture is illustratively extent based. The volume metadata of aregion that is managed by the volume layer instance is illustrativelyembodied as in memory (in-core) and on SSD (on-flash) volume metadataconfigured to provide mappings from host-accessible LUN addresses, i.e.,LBAs, of the region to durable extent keys. In other words, the volumemetadata maps LBA ranges of the LUN to data of the LUN (via extent keys)within the respective LBA range. In an embodiment, the volume layerorganizes the volume metadata (embodied as volume metadata entries 600)as a data structure, i.e., a dense tree metadata structure (dense tree700), which maps an offset range within the region to one or more extentkeys. That is, the LUN data (user data) stored as extents (accessiblevia extent keys) is associated with LUN LBA ranges represented as volumemetadata (also stored as extents).

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a volume metadata entry 600 of the densetree metadata structure. Each volume metadata entry 600 of the densetree 700 may be a descriptor that embodies one of a plurality of types,including a data entry (D) 610, an index entry (I) 620, and a hole entry(H) 630. The data entry (D) 610 is configured to map (offset, length) toan extent key for an extent (user data) and includes the followingcontent: type 612, offset 614, length 616 and extent key 618. The indexentry (I) 620 is configured to map (offset, length) to a page key (e.g.,and extent key) of a metadata page (stored as an extent), i.e., a pagecontaining one or more volume metadata entries, at a next lower level ofthe dense tree; accordingly, the index entry 620 includes the followingcontent: type 622, offset 624, length 626 and page key 628.Illustratively, the index entry 620 manifests as a pointer from a higherlevel to a lower level, i.e., the index entry 620 essentially serves aslinkage between the different levels of the dense tree. The hole entry(H) 630 represents absent data as a result of a hole punching operationat (offset, length) and includes the following content: type 632, offset634, and length 636.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of the dense tree metadata structure that maybe advantageously used with one or more embodiments described herein.The dense tree metadata structure 700 is configured to provide mappingsof logical offsets within a LUN (or volume) to extent keys managed byone or more extent store instances. Illustratively, the dense treemetadata structure is organized as a multi-level dense tree 700, where atop level 800 represents recent volume metadata changes and subsequentdescending levels represent older changes. Specifically, a higher levelof the dense tree 700 is updated first and, when that level fills, anadjacent lower level is updated, e.g., via a merge operation. A latestversion of the changes may be searched starting at the top level of thedense tree and working down to the descending levels. Each level of thedense tree 700 includes fixed size records or entries, i.e., volumemetadata entries 600, for storing the volume metadata. A volume metadataprocess 710 illustratively maintains the top level 800 of the dense treein memory (in-core) as a balanced tree that enables indexing by offsets.The volume metadata process 710 also maintains a fixed sized (e.g., 4KB) in-core buffer as a staging area (i.e., an in-core staging buffer715) for volume metadata entries 600 inserted into the balanced tree(i.e., top level 800). Each level of the dense tree is furthermaintained on-flash as a packed array of volume metadata entries,wherein the entries are stored as extents illustratively organized asfixed sized (e.g., 4 KB) metadata pages 720. Notably, the staging buffer715 is de-staged to SSD upon a trigger, e.g., the staging buffer isfull. Each metadata page 720 has a unique identifier (ID) whichguarantees that no two metadata pages can have the same content.Illustratively, metadata may not be de-duplicated by the extent storelayer 350.

In an embodiment, the multi-level dense tree 700 includes three (3)levels, although it will be apparent to those skilled in the art thatadditional levels N of the dense tree may be included depending onparameters (e.g., size) of the dense tree configuration. Illustratively,the top level 800 of the tree is maintained in-core as level 0 and thelower levels are maintained on-flash as levels 1 and 2. In addition,copies of the volume metadata entries 600 stored in staging buffer 715may also be maintained on-flash as, e.g., a level 0 linked list. A leaflevel, e.g., level 2, of the dense tree contains data entries 610,whereas a non-leaf level, e.g., level 0 or 1, may contain both dataentries 610 and index entries 620. Each index entry (I) 620 at level Nof the tree is configured to point to (reference) a metadata page 720 atlevel N+1 of the tree. Each level of the dense tree 600 also includes aheader (e.g., level 0 header 730, level 1 header 740 and level 2 header750) that contains per level information, such as reference countsassociated with the extents. Each upper level header contains a headerkey (an extent key for the header, e.g., header key 732 of level 0header 730) to a corresponding lower level header. A region key 762 to aroot, e.g., level 0 header 730 (and top level 800), of the dense tree700 is illustratively stored on-flash and maintained in a volume rootextent, e.g., a volume superblock 760. Notably, the volume superblock760 contains region keys to the roots of the dense tree metadatastructures for all regions in a volume. FIG. 8 is a block diagram of thetop level 800 of the dense tree metadata structure. As noted, the toplevel (level 0) of the dense tree 700 is maintained in-core as abalanced tree, which is illustratively embodied as a B+ tree datastructure. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art thatother data structures, such as AVL trees, Red-Black trees, and heaps(partially sorted trees), may be advantageously used with theembodiments described herein. The B+ tree (top level 800) includes aroot node 810, one or more internal nodes 820 and a plurality of leafnodes (leaves) 830. The volume metadata stored on the tree is preferablyorganized in a manner that is efficient both to search in order toservice read requests and is to traverse (walk) in ascending order ofoffset to accomplish merges to lower levels of the tree. The B+ tree hascertain properties that satisfy these requirements, including storage ofall data (i.e., volume metadata entries 600) in leaves 830 and storageof the leaves as sequentially accessible, e.g., as one or more linkedlists. Both of these properties make sequential read requests for writedata (i.e., extents) and read operations for dense tree merge moreefficient. Also, since it has a much higher fan-out than a binary searchtree, the illustrative B+ tree results in more efficient lookupoperations. As an optimization, the leaves 830 of the B+ tree may bestored in a page cache 448, making access of data more efficient thanother trees. In addition, resolution of overlapping offset entries inthe B+ tree optimizes read requests of extents. Accordingly, the largerthe fraction of the B+ tree (i.e., volume metadata) maintained in-core,the less loading (reading) or metadata from SSD is required so as toreduce read amplification.

FIG. 9 illustrates mappings 900 between levels of the dense treemetadata structure. Each level of the dense tree 700 includes one ormore metadata pages 720, each of which contains multiple volume metadataentries 600. In an embodiment, each volume metadata entry 600 has afixed size, e.g., 12 bytes, such that a predetermined number of entriesmay be packed into each metadata page 720. As noted, the data entry (D)610 is a map of (offset, length) to an address of (user) data which isretrievable using extent key 618 (i.e., from an extent store instance).The (offset, length) illustratively specifies an offset range of a LUN.The index entry (I) 620 is a map of (offset, length) to a page key 628of a metadata page 720 at the next lower level. Illustratively, theoffset in the index entry (I) 620 is the same as the offset of the firstentry in the metadata page 720 at the next lower level. The length 626in the index entry 620 is illustratively the cumulative length of allentries in the metadata page 720 at the next lower level (including gapsbetween entries).

For example, the metadata page 720 of level 1 includes an index entry“I(2K,10K)” that specifies a starting offset 2K and an ending offset 12K(i.e., 2K+10K=12K); the index entry (I) illustratively points to ametadata page 720 of level 2 covering the specified range. An aggregateview of the data entries (D) packed in the metadata page 720 of level 2covers the mapping from the smallest offset (e.g., 2K) to the largest isoffset (e.g., 12K). Thus, each level of the dense tree 700 may be viewedas an overlay of an underlying level. For instance the data entry“D(0,4K)” of level 1 overlaps 2K of the underlying metadata in the pageof level 2 (i.e., the range 2K,4K).

In one or more embodiments, operations for volume metadata managed bythe volume layer 340 include insertion of volume metadata entries, suchas data entries 610, into the dense tree 700 for write requests. Asnoted, each dense tree 700 may be embodied as multiple levels of asearch structure with possibly overlapping offset range entries at eachlevel, wherein each level is a packed array of entries (e.g., sorted byoffset) and where leaf entries have an LBA range (offset, length) andextent key. FIG. 10 illustrates a workflow 1000 for inserting a volumemetadata entry into the dense tree metadata structure in accordance witha write request. In an embodiment, volume metadata updates (changes) tothe dense tree 700 occur first at the top level of the tree, such that acomplete, top-level description of the changes is maintained in memory220. Operationally, the volume metadata process 710 applies the regionkey 762 to access the dense tree 700 (i.e., top level 800) of anappropriate region (e.g., LBA range 440 as determined from theparameters 432 derived from the write request 410). Upon completion of awrite request, the volume metadata process 710 creates a volume metadataentry, e.g., a new data entry 610, to record a mapping ofoffset/length-to-extent key (i.e., LBA range-to-user data).Illustratively, the new data entry 610 includes an extent key 618 (i.e.,from the extent store layer 350) associated with data (i.e., extent 470)of the write request 410, as well as offset 614 and length 616 (i.e.,from the write parameters 432) and type 612 (i.e., data entry D).

The volume metadata process 710 then updates the volume metadata byinserting (adding) the data entry D into the level 0 staging buffer 715,as well as into the top level 800 of dense tree 700 and the volume layerlog 345. In the case of an overwrite operation, the overwritten extentand its mapping should be deleted. The deletion process is similar tothat of hole punching (un-map). When the level 0 is full, i.e., no moreentries can be stored, the volume metadata entries 600 from the level 0in-core are merged to lower levels (maintained on SSD), i.e., level 0merges to level 1 which may then merge to level 2 and so on (e.g., asingle entry added at level 0 may trigger a merger cascade). Note, anyentries remaining in the staging buffer 715 after level 0 is full alsomay be merged to lower levels. The level 0 staging buffer is thenemptied to allow space for new entries 600.

Dense Tree Volume Metadata Checkpointing

When a level of the dense tree 700 is full, volume metadata entries 600of the level are merged with the next lower level of the dense tree. Aspart of the merge, new index entries 620 are created in the level topoint to new lower level metadata pages 720, i.e., data entries from thelevel are merged (and pushed) to the lower level so that they may be“replaced” with an index reference in the level. The top level 800(i.e., level 0) of the dense tree 700 is illustratively maintainedin-core such that a merge operation to level 1 facilitates a checkpointto SSD 260. The lower levels (i.e., levels 1 and/or 2) of the dense treeare illustratively maintained on-flash and updated (e.g., merged) as abatch operation (i.e., processing the entries of one level with those ofa lower level) when the higher levels are full. The merge operationillustratively includes a sort, e.g., a 2-way merge sort operation. Aparameter of the dense tree 700 is the ratio K of the size of level N−1to the size of level N. Illustratively, the size of the array at level Nis K times larger than the size of the array at level N−1, i.e.,sizeof(level N)=K*sizeof(level N−1). After K merges from level N−1,level N becomes full (i.e., all entries from a new, fully-populatedlevel N−1 are merged with level N, iterated K times.)

FIG. 11 illustrates merging 1100 between levels, e.g., levels 0 and 1,of the dense tree metadata structure. In an embodiment, a mergeoperation is triggered when level 0 is full. When performing the mergeoperation, the dense tree metadata structure transitions to a “merge”dense tree structure (shown at 1120) that merges, while an alternate“active” dense tree structure (shown at 1150) is utilized to acceptincoming data. Accordingly, two in-core level 0 staging buffers 1130,1160 are illustratively maintained for concurrent merge and active(write) operations, respectively. In other words, an active stagingbuffer 1160 and active top level 1170 of active dense tree 1150 handlein-progress data flow (i.e, active user read and write requests), whilea merge staging buffer 1130 and merge top level 1140 of merge dense tree1120 handle consistency of the data during a is merge operation. Thatis, a “double buffer” arrangement may be used to maintain consistency ofdata (i.e., entries in the level 0 of the dense tree) while processingactive operations.

During the merge operation, the merge staging buffer 1130, as well asthe top level 1140 and lower level array (e.g., merge level 1) areread-only and are not modified. The active staging buffer 1160 isconfigured to accept the incoming (user) data, i.e., the volume metadataentries received from new put operations are loaded into the activestaging buffer 1160 and added to the top level 1170 of the active densetree 1150. Illustratively, merging from level 0 to level 1 within themerge dense tree 1120 results in creation of a new active level 1 forthe active dense tree 1150, i.e., the resulting merged level 1 from themerge dense tree is inserted as a new level 1 into the active densetree. A new index entry I is computed to reference the new active level1 and the new index entry I is loaded into the active staging buffer1160 (as well as in the active top level 1170). Upon completion of themerge, the region key 762 of volume superblock 760 is updated toreference (point to) the root, e.g., active top level 1170 and activelevel 0 header (not shown), of the active dense tree 1150, therebydeleting (i.e., rendering inactive) merge level 0 and merge level 1 ofthe merge dense tree 1120. The merge staging buffer 1130 thus becomes anempty inactive buffer until the next merge. The merge data structures(i.e., the merge dense tree 1120 including staging buffer 1130) may bemaintained in-core and “swapped” as the active data structures at thenext merge (i.e., “double buffered”).

Snapshot and Clones

As noted, the LUN ID and LBA (or LBA range) of an I/O request are usedto identify a volume (e.g., of a LUN) to which the request is directed,as well as the volume layer (instance) that manages the volume andvolume metadata associated with the LBA range. Management of the volumeand volume metadata may include data management functions, such ascreation of snapshots and clones, for the LUN. Illustratively, thesnapshots and clones may be represented as independent volumesaccessible by host 120 as LUNs, and embodied as respective read-onlycopies, i.e., snapshots, and read-write copies, i.e., clones, of thevolume (hereinafter “parent volume”) associated with the LBA range. Thevolume layer 340 may interact with other layers of the storage I/O stack300, e.g., the persistence layer 330 and the administration layer 310,to manage both administration aspects, e.g., snapshot/clone creation, ofthe snapshot and clone volumes, as well as the volume metadata, i.e.,in-core mappings from LBAs to extent keys, for those volumes.Accordingly, the administration layer 310, persistence layer 330, andvolume layer 340 contain computer executable instructions executed bythe CPU 210 to perform operations that create and manage the snapshotsand clones described herein.

In one or more embodiments, the volume metadata managed by the volumelayer, i.e., parent volume metadata and snapshot/clone metadata, isillustratively organized as one or more multi-level dense tree metadatastructures, wherein each level of the dense tree metadata structure(dense tree) includes volume metadata entries for storing the metadata.Each snapshot/clone may be derived from a dense tree of the parentvolume (parent dense tree) to thereby enable fast and efficientsnapshot/clone creation in terms of time and consumption of metadatastorage space. To that end, portions (e.g., levels or volume metadataentries) of the parent dense tree may be shared with the snapshot/cloneto support time and space efficiency of the snapshot/clone, i.e.,portions of the parent volume divergent from the snapshot/clone volumeare not shared. Illustratively, the parent volume and clone may beconsidered “active,” in that each actively processes (i.e., accepts)additional I/O requests which modify or add (user) data to therespective volume; whereas a snapshot is read-only and, thus, does notmodify volume (user) data, but may still process non-modifying I/Orequests (e.g., read requests).

FIG. 12 is a block diagram of a dense tree metadata structure sharedbetween a parent volume and a snapshot/clone. In an embodiment, creationof a snapshot/clone may include copying an in-core portion of the parentdense tree to a dense tree of the snapshot/clone (snapshot/clone densetree). That is, the in-core level 0 staging buffer and in-core top levelof the parent dense tree may be copied to create the in-core portion ofthe snapshot/clone dense tree, i.e., parent staging buffer 1160 may becopied to create snapshot/clone staging buffer 1130, and top level 800 a(shown at 1170) may be copied to create snapshot/clone top level 800 b(shown at 1140). Note that although the parent is volume layer log 345 amay be copied to create snapshot/clone volume layer log 345 b, thevolume metadata entries of the parent volume log 345 a recorded (i.e.,logged) after initiation of snapshot/clone creation may not be copied tothe log 345 b, as those entries may be directed to the parent volume andnot to the snapshot/clone. Lower levels of the parent dense treeresiding on SSDs may be initially shared between the parent volume andsnapshot/clone. As the parent volume and snapshot/clone diverge, thelevels may split to accommodate new data. That is, as new volumemetadata entries are written to a level of the parent dense tree, thatlevel is copied (i.e., split) to the snapshot/clone dense tree so thatthe parent dense tree may diverge from its old (now copied to thesnapshot/clone) dense tree structure.

A reference counter may be maintained for each level of the dense tree,illustratively within a respective level header (reference counters 734,744, 754) to track sharing of levels between the volumes (i.e., betweenthe parent volume and snapshot/clone). Illustratively, the referencecounter may increment when levels are shared and decremented when levelsare split (e.g., copied). For example, a reference count value of 1 mayindicate an unshared level (i.e., portion) between the volumes (i.e.,has only one reference). In an embodiment, volume metadata entries of adense tree do not store data, but only reference data (as extents)stored on the storage array 150 (e.g., on SSDs 260). Consequently, morethan one level of a dense tree may reference the same extent (data) evenwhen the level reference counter is 1. This may result from a split(i.e., copy) of a dense tree level brought about by creation of thesnapshot/clone. Accordingly, a separate reference count is maintainedfor each extent in the extent store layer to track sharing of extentsamong volumes.

In an embodiment, the reference counter 734 for level 0 (in a level-0header) may be incremented, illustratively from value 1 to 2, toindicate that the level 0 array contents are shared by the parent volumeand snapshot/clone. Illustratively, the volume superblock of the parentvolume (parent volume superblock 760 a) and a volume superblock of thesnapshot/clone (snapshot/clone volume superblock 760 b) may be updatedto point to the level-0 header, e.g., via region key 762 a,b. Notably,the copies of the in-core data structures may be rendered in conjunctionwith the merge operation (described with reference to FIG. 11) such thatthe “merge dense tree 1120” copy of in-core data structures (e.g., thetop level 1140 and staging buffer 1130) may become the in-core datastructures of the snapshot/clone dense tree by not deleting (i.e.,maintaining as active rather than rendering inactive) those copiedin-core data structures. In addition, the snapshot/clone volumesuperblock 760 b may be created by the volume layer 340 in response toan administrative operation initiated by the administration layer 310.Moreover, snapshots/clones may be hierarchical, in that, asnapshot/clone may be derived from a clone that is itself derived froman original parent volume, i.e., the clone is a parent volume to its“offspring” snapshots (or clones) and the original parent volume isgrandparent to the clone's “offspring.”

Over time, the snapshot/clone may split or diverge from the parentvolume when either modifies the level 0 array as a result of new I/Ooperations, e.g., a write request. FIG. 13 illustrates diverging of thesnapshot/clone from the parent volume. In an embodiment, divergence as aresult of modification to the level 0 array 1205 a of the parent volumeillustratively involves creation of a copy of the on-flash level 0 arrayfor the snapshot/clone (array 1205 b), as well as creation of a copy ofthe level 0 header 730 a for the snapshot/clone (header 730 b). As aresult, the on-flash level 1 array 1210 becomes a shared data structurebetween the parent volume and snapshot/clone. Accordingly, the referencecounters for the parent volume and snapshot/clone level 0 arrays may bedecremented (i.e., ref count 734 a and 734 b of the parent volume andsnapshot/clone level 0 headers 730 a, 730 b, respectively), because eachlevel 0 array now has one less reference (e.g., the volume superblocks760 a and 760 b each reference separate level 0 arrays 1205 a and 1205b). In addition, the reference counter 744 for the shared level 1 arraymay be incremented (e.g., the level 1 array is referenced by the twoseparate level 0 arrays, 1205 a and 1205 b). Notably, a referencecounter 754 in the header 750 for the next level, i.e., level 2, neednot be incremented because no change in references from level 1 to level2 have been made, i.e., the single level 1 array 1210 still referenceslevel 2 array 1220.

Similarly, over time, level N (e.g., levels 1 or 2) of thesnapshot/clone may diverge from the parent volume when that level ismodified, for example, as a result of a is merge operation. In the caseof level 1, a copy of the shared level 1 array may be created for thesnapshot/clone such that the on-flash level 2 array becomes a shareddata structure between the level 1 array of the parent volume and alevel 1 array of the snapshot/clone (not shown). Reference counters 744for the parent volume level 1 array and the snapshot/clone level 1 array(not shown) may be decremented, while the reference counter 754 for theshared level 2 array may be incremented. Note that this technique may berepeated for each dense tree level that diverges from the parent volume,i.e., a copy of the lowest (leaf) level (e.g., level 2) of the parentvolume array may be created for the snapshot/clone. Note also that aslong as the reference counter is greater than 1, the data contents ofthe array are pinned (cannot be deleted).

Nevertheless, the extents for each data entry in the parent volume andthe snapshot/clone (e.g., the level 0 array 1205 a,b) may still have tworeferences (i.e., the parent volume and snapshot/clone) even if thereference count 734 a,b of the level 0 header 730 a,b is 1. That is,even though the level 0 arrays (1205 a and 1205 b) may have separatevolume layer references (i.e., volume superblocks 760 a and 760 b), theunderlying extents 470 may be shared and, thus, may be referenced bymore than one volume (i.e., the parent volume and snapshot/clone). Notethat the parent volume and snapshot/clone each reference (initially) thesame extents 470 in the data entries, i.e., via extent key 618 in dataentry 610, of their respective level 0 arrays 1205 a,b. Accordingly, areference counter associated with each extent 470 may be incremented totrack multiple (volume) references to the extent, i.e., to preventinappropriate deletion of the extent. Illustratively, a referencecounter associated with each extent key 618 may be embodied as an extentstore (ES) reference count (refcount) 1330 stored in an entry of anappropriate hash table 482 serviced by an extent store process 1320.Incrementing of the ES refcount 1330 for each extent key (e.g., in adata entry 610) in level 0 of the parent volume may be a long runningoperation, e.g., level 0 of the parent volume may contain thousands ofdata entries. This operation may illustratively be performed in thebackground through a refcount log 1310, which may be stored persistentlyon SSD.

Illustratively, extent keys 618 obtained from the data entries 610 oflevel 0 of the parent volume may be queued, i.e., recorded, by thevolume metadata process 710 (i.e., is the volume layer instanceservicing the parent volume) on the refcount log 1310 as entries 1315.Extent store process 1320 (i.e., the extent store layer instanceservicing the extents) may receive each entry 1315 and increment therefcount 1330 of the hash table entry containing the appropriate theextent key. That is, the extent store process/instance 1320 may index(e.g., search using the extent metadata selection technique 480) thehash tables 482 a-n to find an entry having the extent key in the refcount log entry 1315. Once the hash table entry is found, the refcount1330 of that entry may be incremented (e.g., refcnt+1). Notably, theextent store instance may process the ref count log entries 1315 at adifferent priority (i.e., higher or lower) than “put” and “get”operations from user I/O requests directed to that instance.

FIG. 14 illustrates a procedure for creating a snapshot/clone. Theprocedure starts at step 1405 and proceeds to step 1410 wherein theadministration layer initiates creation of the snapshot/clone by sendinga snapshot/clone create start message to the persistence layer, e.g.,upon receiving an administration snapshot/clone creation command. Inresponse, the persistence layer ensures that old, existing write dataand deletions (i.e., “dirty data”) for the parent volume stored in thewrite-back cache are incorporated into the snapshot/clone and that newdata for the parent volume that is received during the creationprocedure is not incorporated into the snapshot/clone. To that end, thepersistence layer marks the dirty data associated with the parent volumethat is stored in the write-back cache (step 1415), i.e., prior toreceiving the snapshot/clone create start message, so that arepresentation of that data may be passed (“pushed”) to the volume layer(instance) for associated volume metadata updates to the dense treemetadata structure. In other words, the marked (old) data becomes partof the parent volume (and part of the snapshot/clone through shared orcopied level arrays) because that old data was received prior toreceiving the snapshot/clone create start message. Notably, the parentvolume may continue to receive and process new data, e.g., writerequests, to the volume layer after creation of the snapshot/clone,while the marked (old) data is processed by the volume layer.Alternatively, a fence bit may be used, in lieu of marking old data, toindicate that new data is not pushed to the volume layer until all theprior dirty data has been processed by the volume layer.

At step 1420, the persistence layer sets a bit, e.g., a“snapshot/clone-in-progress” bit, in a per volume data structureindicating that the snapshot/clone create procedure is in progress andto prevent the new data from being pushed to the volume layer until theprocedure completes. At step 1425, the persistence layer pushes themarked data to the volume layer. Note that the marked data pushed tovolume layer is data that does not overlap with existing messages, i.e.,data in-progress from prior write requests. Upon the volume layeracknowledging receipt of the pushed data, the persistence layer sends areply to the snapshot/clone create start message to the administrationlayer to initiate creation of the snapshot/clone at the volume layer. Atstep 1430, the snapshot/clone is created as described herein. Inresponse to the volume layer sending a reply to the administration layerindicating creation of the snapshot/clone, the administration layersends a snapshot/clone create done message to the persistence layer. Inan embodiment, the snapshot/clone create done message contains thevolume UUID, as well as the snapshot/clone UUID and volume size. At step1440, the persistence layer clears the “snapshot/clone-in-progress” bitso that the new cached data can be pushed to the volume layer and, instep 1445, the snapshot/clone creation procedure ends.

Advantageously, creation of a snapshot or clone, as well as its eventualdivergence from a parent volume may be performed quickly and efficiently(i.e., frugally) to storage so that write amplification resulting from(user) data is reduced. That is, once a snapshot or clone is created,sharing of metadata on storage (i.e., to reduce write amplification) maybe accomplished by copying an in-core portion of the parent dense treeto the snapshot/clone. Since lower levels of the dense tree residing onSSDs are initially (i.e., prior to new data arriving) shared between theparent volume and snapshot/clone, efficiency may be substantiallyenhanced. Only when the parent volume and snapshot/clone diverge are thelevels split (i.e., levels copied on SSD) to accommodate the new data.That is, as new volume metadata entries are written to a level of theparent volume, that level is copied (i.e., split) to the snapshot/cloneso that the parent dense tree may diverge from its old (now copied tothe snapshot/clone) dense tree structure.

Efficiency may also be enhanced by maintaining a reference counter foreach is level of the dense tree, illustratively within a respectivelevel header, to track sharing of levels between volumes (i.e., betweena parent volume and a snapshot/clone). To further increase efficiency,volume metadata entries in a dense tree do not store data, but onlyreference data (as extents) stored on the storage array (SSDs).Accordingly, a separate reference count may be maintained for eachextent serviced by the extent store layer to track sharing of extentsamong volumes. Moreover, because it is densely packed irrespective ofthe I/O request, e.g. random write requests, the dense tree supportslarge continuous write operations to storage and, thus, is flashfriendly with respect to random write operations.

The foregoing description has been directed to specific embodiments. Itwill be apparent, however, that other variations and modifications maybe made to the described embodiments, with the attainment of some or allof their advantages. For instance, it is expressly contemplated that thecomponents and/or elements described herein can be implemented assoftware encoded on a tangible (non-transitory) computer-readable medium(e.g., disks and/or CDs) having program instructions executing on acomputer, hardware, firmware, or a combination thereof. Accordingly thisdescription is to be taken only by way of example and not to otherwiselimit the scope of the embodiments herein. Therefore, it is the objectof the appended claims to cover all such variations and modifications ascome within the true spirit and scope of the embodiments herein.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: receiving a first writerequest directed towards a logical unit (LUN), the first write requesthaving a first data, a LUN identifier (ID), a logical block address(LBA) and a length representing an address range of the LUN, the LUN ID,LBA and length mapped to a volume associated with the LUN, the firstwrite request processed at a storage system having a memory; associatinga first key with the first data; storing the first key in a first dataentry of a metadata structure having a plurality of levels, the firstdata entry representing the volume, the volume including a superblock,the superblock having a first reference to the metadata structure;producing a copy of the volume by creating a copy of an in-core portionof the metadata structure that includes at least a top level of themetadata structure and a copy of the super block, and, at leastinitially, sharing among the volume and the copy of the volume aremaining portion of the metadata structure that includes at least onemore lower levels of the metadata structure residing on a storage arrayof storage devices; and storing the first data entry, the superblock andthe copy of the superblock in the storage array.
 2. The method of claim1 wherein the copy of the volume is a read-only snapshot.
 3. The methodof claim 1 wherein the copy of the volume is a read-write clone.
 4. Themethod of claim 1 wherein the first reference is a region key associatedwith a location on the storage array.
 5. The method of claim 1 furthercomprising: incrementing a first reference counter included in a firstheader of the metadata structure, the first reference associated withthe first header.
 6. The method of claim 5 further comprising: receivinga second write request directed towards the LUN, the second writerequest having a second data; decrementing the first reference counterof the first header; creating a copy of the first header; updating thecopy of the first reference in the copy of the superblock such that thecopy of the first reference is associated with the copy of the firstheader; associating a second key with the second data; and storing thesecond key in a second entry of the metadata structure on the storagearray such that the volume diverges from the copy of the volume.
 7. Themethod of claim 6 further comprising: incrementing a second referencecounter of a second header, the first header and the copy of the firstheader each including a second reference to the second header.
 8. Themethod of claim 6 further comprising: incrementing an extent referencecounter, the extent reference counter associated with the first dataentry.
 9. The method of claim 8 wherein the extent reference counter isincluded in a table entry, the table entry having the first key. 10.(canceled)
 11. A system comprising: a storage system having a memoryconnected to a processor via a bus; a storage array coupled to thestorage system and having one or more solid state drives (SSDs); astorage I/O stack executing on the processor of the storage system, thestorage I/O stack when executed operable to: receive a first writerequest directed toward a logical unit (LUN), the first write requesthaving a first data, a LUN identifier (ID), a logical block address(LBA) and a length representing a first address range of the LUN, theLUN ID, LBA, and length mapped to a volume associated with the LUN;associate a first key with the first data; store the first key in afirst data entry of a metadata structure having a plurality of levels,the first data entry representing the volume, the volume including asuperblock, the superblock having a first reference to the metadatastructure; produce a copy of the volume by creating a copy of an in-coreportion of the metadata structure that includes at least a top level ofthe metadata structure and a copy of the superblock, and, at leastinitially, sharing among the volume and the copy of the volume aremaining portion of the metadata structure that includes at least onemore lower levels of the metadata structure; and store the first dataentry, the superblock and the copy of the superblock in the storagearray.
 12. The system of claim 11 wherein the copy of the volume is asnapshot.
 13. The system of claim 12 where the storage I/O stack isfurther operable to: set a snapshot in-progress bit; and clear thesnapshot in-progress bit after copying the volume.
 14. The system ofclaim 11 wherein the first reference is a region key associated with astorage location on the storage array.
 15. The system of claim 11 wherethe storage I/O stack is further operable to: increment a firstreference counter included in a first header of the metadata structure,the first reference associated with the first header.
 16. The system ofclaim 15 where the storage I/O stack is further operable to: receive asecond write request directed towards the LUN, the second write requesthaving a second data; decrement the first reference counter of the firstheader; create a copy of the first header; create a copy of a first dataentry, the copy of the first header associated with the copy of thefirst data entry; store the copy of the first header and the copy of thefirst data entry on the storage array; update the copy of the firstreference in the copy of the superblock such that the copy of the firstreference is associated with the copy of the first header; associate asecond key with the second data; and store the second key in a secondentry of the metadata structure on the storage array such that thevolume diverges from the copy of the volume.
 17. The system of claim 16where the storage I/O stack is further operable to: increment a secondreference counter of a second header, the first header and the copy ofthe first header each including a second reference to the second header.18. The system of claim 16 where the storage I/O stack is furtheroperable to: increment an extent reference counter, the extent referencecounter associated with the first data entry, wherein the extentreference counter is included in a table entry, the table entry havingthe first key.
 19. (canceled)
 20. A system comprising: a storage systemhaving a memory connected to a processor via a bus; a storage arraycoupled to the storage system and having one or more solid state drives(SSDs); a storage I/O stack executing on the processor of the storagesystem, the storage I/O stack when executed operable to: receive a writerequest directed towards a logical unit (LUN), the write request havingdata, a LUN identifier (ID), a logical block address (LBA) and a lengthrepresenting an address range of the LUN, the LUN ID, LBA, and lengthmapped to a volume associated with the LUN;